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混合鍵合技術簡介
作者: 來源: 日期:2025/8/12 11:33:36 人氣:123

芯片封裝的隱形戰場


在半導體制造領域,當芯片完成前道工藝加工后,需要通過鍵合(Bonding)技術實現芯片與基板或芯片之間的互連。

這項技術如同芯片世界的“焊接術”,直接決定了芯片的可靠性、性能和尺寸。隨著摩爾定律逼近物理極限,傳統封裝技術面臨嚴峻挑戰。

當芯片制程進入5納米以下,通過縮小晶體管尺寸提升性能的路徑變得愈發艱難。而人工智能、5G通信和自動駕駛等新興技術對芯片性能提出了更高要求。在這樣的大背景下,先進鍵合技術成為延續摩爾定律的關鍵路徑之一。

“在后摩爾時代半導體制造面臨物理極限挑戰的背景下,通過先進封裝技術延續摩爾定律成為產業突破的關鍵平臺。”2025年電子封裝技術國際會議(ICEPT 2025)的前瞻報告如此描述鍵合技術的重要性。


鍵合技術的演進之路


半導體鍵合工藝主要分為三大技術路線:

熱壓鍵合(TC Bonding)作為成熟工藝的代表,通過加熱和壓力使兩種材料之間產生物理連接。在高壓高溫環境下,材料分子鏈活化形成結合,實現電氣和熱連接。其核心優勢在于優異的熱導性和高密度連接特性,適用于高性能計算、5G通信等場景。但面對AI芯片超高密度互連需求時,熱壓鍵合逐漸顯露出力不從心的一面。

混合鍵合(Hybrid Bonding)作為技術演進的新星,結合了電介質-電介質鍵合與金屬-金屬鍵合,通過直接銅對銅連接實現晶圓或芯片間的垂直堆疊,無需傳統焊料或凸塊。這一技術將互連間距縮至1微米級別,密度達傳統技術的10倍以上。

2025年,三星、SK海力士等存儲巨頭紛紛宣布在HBM4中導入混合鍵合技術,標志著該技術從實驗室走向大規模量產。

其他鍵合技術包括熔融鍵合(Fusion Bonding)、親水鍵合(Hydrophilic Bonding)、共晶鍵合(Eutectic Bonding)以及膠粘鍵合(Adhesive Bonding),各自在不同應用場景中發揮作用。



混合鍵合:芯片互連的革命


混合鍵合技術的核心魅力在于其獨特的工作原理。它通過原子級平整的接觸面,實現金屬與金屬、氧化物與氧化物的同步鍵合,消除了傳統bump結構帶來的尺寸限制與寄生效應。

臺積電的SoIC(System-on-Integrated-Chips)技術展示了混合鍵合的應用價值。作為業界第一個高密度3D小芯片堆疊技術,SoIC-X采用混合鍵合方案,專門面向高性能計算(HPC,High Performance Computing)和AI領域需求。

混合鍵合的制作流程極其精密:

1. 晶圓準備(Wafer Preparation)

2. 氧化物沉積(Oxide Deposition)

3. 金屬層沉積(Metal Deposition)

4. 對±50納米以內)與鍵合(Alignment and Bonding)

5. 退火處理(Annealing)

6. 檢測與測試(Inspection and Testing)

每一步都對工藝精度和環境要求極高,任何微小的偏差都可能影響最終的鍵合質量和芯片性能。

混合鍵合帶來的性能提升令人矚目:

在邏輯芯片中,混合鍵合使互聯密度提升15倍,信號速度提升11.9倍,帶寬密度提升191倍,每比特能耗降低20倍

在高帶寬存儲(HBM,High Bandwidth Memory)領域,混合鍵合使熱阻降低20%,動態功耗降低17%,信號完整性提高20%

鍵合層厚度從微凸塊的幾十微米降至幾個微米,為堆疊層數增加提供可能,同時增強了散熱性能

三星電子常務金大祐坦言:“即使是16層堆疊的HBM,發熱問題也非常難以控制,因此我們正在從這個層級開始逐步嘗試使用混合鍵合技術。”


應用場景:從HBM到AI芯片


在存儲芯片領域,混合鍵合技術正成為突破傳統TSV技術瓶頸的關鍵解決方案。隨著HBM向更高堆疊層數發展,混合鍵合通過無凸點直接連接方式,成功解決了傳統TSV+凸塊鍵合面臨的散熱效率低、堆疊高度受限等問題。SK海力士已證實該技術可在不超過775微米的厚度下實現20層以上堆疊。在3D NAND領域,長江存儲的Xtacking技術率先實現混合鍵合量產,通過分離制造外圍電路與存儲單元再整合的方式,將NAND的I/O速度提升至3.0Gbps,其技術實力已獲得國際認可,三星于2025年2月獲得其專利授權用于下一代產品。

混合鍵合技術正在重塑AI芯片與高性能計算領域的芯片架構。該技術支持晶圓級(W2W)和裸片級(D2W)兩種集成方式,能夠將邏輯芯片、內存芯片和AI加速器等異構組件以10納米以下的超精細間距互連,實現較傳統封裝10倍以上的數據傳輸帶寬提升。英特爾和AMD已將該技術應用于3D V-Cache堆疊處理器,而英偉達也計劃在其下一代AI GPU中采用混合鍵合的HBM5內存,以滿足AI計算對高帶寬內存的迫切需求。

在圖像傳感器領域,混合鍵合技術通過硅通孔(TSV)與銅直接連接的方式,有效減少了光路損失并顯著縮小了模組體積,現已成為高端智能手機攝像頭的標配技術。索尼通過混合鍵合技術成功實現了CMOS圖像傳感器中像素單元與信號處理單元的分離,不僅提升了成像質量,還優化了傳感器性能。這一創新應用展示了混合鍵合在提升光學器件性能方面的獨特優勢。

混合鍵合技術正從最初的存儲芯片領域快速向更多應用場景擴散。隨著5G通信、自動駕駛和物聯網等新興技術的發展,對高性能、低功耗芯片的需求將持續增長,這將為混合鍵合技術開辟更廣闊的應用空間。特別是在需要高密度集成的場景中,如邊緣計算設備和可穿戴設備,混合鍵合技術有望成為實現芯片微型化和性能提升的關鍵技術路徑。



技術挑戰與全球競速


1. 工藝復雜性與精度控制挑戰

混合鍵合面臨的首要技術難題在于亞微米級(<1μm)精度控制,需要實現數十億個連接點的精準對準與鍵合。這一工藝對潔凈室環境(需ISO 3級)、材料均勻性和良率控制提出了近乎苛刻的要求。即使是10nm級別的顆粒污染物或有機物殘留,都可能導致鍵合界面缺陷,顯著降低鍵合強度。此外,晶圓對晶圓(W2W)和芯片對晶圓(D2W)工藝各有難點:W2W要求極高的全局對準精度,而D2W則需要解決逐片處理耗時(數小時)和親水性保持等新挑戰。

2. 成本與量產化障礙

混合鍵合技術面臨著巨大的成本壓力。單臺晶圓級鍵合設備投資超過2000萬美元,且初期良率通常僅有60-70%。目前全球僅臺積電、應用材料等少數企業具備成熟量產能力,中小廠商難以承擔高昂的技術導入成本。此外,鍵合失敗會導致雙晶圓報廢,進一步推高了生產成本,這成為技術普及的重要障礙。

3. 全球競爭格局呈現梯隊分化

國際半導體巨頭已形成明顯的技術梯隊:

領先廠商:臺積電SoIC技術已實現1μm以下間距量產,主導高端市場;英特爾Foveros和三星HBM混合鍵合技術也已進入量產階段

設備供應商:ASML、應用材料和奧地利EVG等公司壟斷關鍵設備市場,其中EVG的磁控等離子體鍵合設備精度已達±0.5μm

中國力量崛起:拓荊科技推出量產級W2W設備"Dione 300",青禾晶元發布全球首臺C2W&W2W雙模式設備,邁為股份實現±100nm精度

4. 市場前景與技術創新

盡管面臨挑戰,混合鍵合設備市場前景廣闊。據Besi預測,到2030年市場需求將達28億歐元,設備需求量超過1400臺。技術創新正在持續突破瓶頸:

哈爾濱工業大學開發的低溫混合鍵合技術(<200°C)解決了熱敏感芯片的鍵合難題

中科院微電子所的原子級表界面調控方案將良率提升至99.9%

新型檢測技術和自組裝材料的研發正在攻克納米級缺陷檢測難題

5. 地緣政治影響下的發展態勢

美國對華技術限制加速了全球混合鍵合技術生態的區域化。中國廠商正通過自主創新和產業鏈協同尋求突破,華為哈勃投資設備廠商,長電科技等封測企業加速研發。未來可能形成中美歐三足鼎立的技術格局,而混合鍵合技術將繼續向更小間距、更高堆疊層數的方向發展,成為后摩爾時代半導體制造的核心技術之一。


混合鍵合發展前景


1. 市場擴張:從高端芯片向消費電子滲透

混合鍵合技術正從AI、HPC等高端領域向智能手機、汽車電子等消費級市場延伸。隨著HBM5、Chiplet架構的普及,以及自動駕駛芯片對高帶寬、低功耗的需求增長,預計2025-2030年市場規模年復合增長率(CAGR)將超過30%。臺積電、英特爾等巨頭已將其納入量產路線,而消費電子廠商(如蘋果、高通)也在評估該技術的成本效益,未來可能推動更大規模應用。

2. 工藝創新:低溫鍵合成關鍵突破

傳統混合鍵合需高溫退火(>300°C),易導致芯片翹曲和可靠性問題。哈爾濱工業大學王晨曦團隊開發的低溫混合鍵合技術(<200°C)顯著降低熱應力,尤其適用于HBM存儲堆疊等熱敏感場景。中科院微電子所金仁喜博士的原子級表界面調控方案(Ra<1nm)進一步將鍵合良率提升至99.9%,解決了界面空洞和機械強度不足的行業痛點,為量產鋪平道路。

3. 技術驅動:HBM與AI芯片需求爆發

HBM5和下一代AI芯片(如NVIDIA Blackwell架構)需要更高密度的垂直互連,混合鍵合成為實現3D堆疊的關鍵技術。隨著互連間距向亞微米(<1μm)邁進,芯片堆疊層數突破20層,傳統TSV和微凸點技術已接近物理極限,混合鍵合將成為后摩爾時代性能提升的核心手段。

4. 地緣政治影響:供應鏈區域化加速

美國對華HBM相關技術限制可能延緩混合鍵合在中國的擴散速度,但也推動本土產業鏈自主創新。長電科技、通富微電等企業正加速研發,華為哈勃投資設備廠商,以降低對ASML、EVG等國際供應商的依賴。未來可能形成中美歐三足鼎立的混合鍵合技術生態。

5. 未來展望:重塑半導體制造格局

混合鍵合不僅是工藝革新,更是存儲與邏輯芯片集成方式的革命。隨著3D IC設計成為主流,該技術將深度綁定Chiplet架構,成為半導體性能提升的新引擎。盡管納米級缺陷檢測、設備成本等挑戰仍存,但技術進步(如自組裝材料、新型檢測手段)正持續突破瓶頸。到2030年,混合鍵合有望成為先進封裝的標準方案,徹底改變芯片制造的疆界。


部分圖文引用自——《芯域前沿》
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